---
type: "Alignment Method"
title: "KTO"
description: "Kahneman-Tversky Optimization — align using simple good/bad labels, not paired comparisons."
cluster: "alignment"
level: 5
tags:
  - "alignment"
  - "advanced-alignment"
when_to_use: "You have thumbs-up/down style feedback rather than ranked pairs."
references:
  - "KTO|https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.01306"
resource: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.01306"
---

# KTO

Needs only a binary "desirable/undesirable" signal per example (no chosen-vs-rejected pairs), which is far cheaper to collect. Based on prospect theory.

## When to use

You have thumbs-up/down style feedback rather than ranked pairs.

## References

- [KTO](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.01306)
