---
type: "term"
title: "Vulnerability"
description: "An exploitable condition in a system that constitutes the attack surface towards a threat ."
resource: "tlctc:term:vulnerability"
tags:
  - "glossary"
---
# Vulnerability

An exploitable condition in a system that constitutes the **attack surface towards a threat**. A vulnerability is what the threat "sees" and targets — it is the exposed surface that enables the attack vector and, through it, the attack path. Without the vulnerability, the threat has no point of entry; with it, the threat has a viable route from cause to compromise.

In the TLCTC Bow-Tie model this relationship is structural: each of the 10 threat clusters is defined by exactly one **generic vulnerability** (Axiom I). The generic vulnerability is the attack surface that the threat cluster exploits. It is what makes the attack vector possible and what the attack path traverses. Controls exist to reduce or eliminate this exposed surface — preventive controls on the left side of the Bow-Tie shrink the attack surface; the vulnerability that remains is the residual exposure the threat can still reach.

**Conceptual hierarchy:** Weakness (CWE) → Specific Vulnerability (CVE) → Generic Vulnerability (TLCTC) → Threat Cluster (#1–#10).

- A **weakness** (CWE) is the underlying flaw, bug, or error that creates the condition.
- A **specific vulnerability** (CVE) is a concrete, exploitable instance of that condition in a particular product or version.
- A **generic vulnerability** (TLCTC) is the universal, technology-independent category of attack surface that all specific vulnerabilities of the same nature map to.
- A **threat cluster** is the set of threats that target that generic attack surface.

**Example:** A coding error that fails to validate input (weakness / CWE-89) creates a SQL injection vulnerability (specific vulnerability / CVE-xxxx-yyyy) in a web application. That vulnerability is the attack surface towards `#2 Exploiting Server` — the exposed surface through which the attacker's exploit code enters. The attack vector is defined by this initial generic vulnerability (Axiom VII), and the attack path proceeds from there (e.g., `#2 → #7 → #4`).

**Critical distinction:** A vulnerability is an exploitable condition that exists in a system, while a weakness is the underlying flaw, bug, or error that enables that vulnerability to exist. TLCTC focuses on categorizing the generic vulnerabilities — the fundamental attack surfaces — that all specific vulnerabilities map to.

See also: Generic Vulnerability, Weakness, CVE, Threat Cluster, Attack Vector, Attack Path, Bow-Tie Model

---
