---
title: Sources and further reading
type: Reference
description: The medieval primary sources and modern scholarship behind the accounts in this wiki.
tags: [sources, bibliography, references]
timestamp: 2026-06-01T00:00:00Z
---

# Sources and further reading

The accounts in this wiki summarise medieval sources and are presented as folklore, not as history. The dates given are approximate.

## Primary sources

- Ibn Khordadbeh, *Kitab al-Masalik wa-l-Mamalik* (Book of Roads and Kingdoms), ninth century.
- al-Mas'udi, *Muruj al-dhahab* (The Meadows of Gold), tenth century.
- Buzurg ibn Shahriyar, *Aja'ib al-Hind* (The Wonders of India), tenth century.
- al-Qazwini, *Aja'ib al-makhluqat wa-gharaib al-mawjudat* (The Wonders of Creation), about 1280.
- Ferdowsi, *Shahnameh*, completed about 1010.
- *The Thousand and One Nights*, in the voyages and island tales.

## Modern discussion

- Gabriel Ferrand, on the location of Waq-Waq in the Indian Ocean.
- Michael Jan de Goeje, on the name as a form for Japan.
- Ann Kumar and Tom Hoogervorst, on an Austronesian origin and the seafaring connection.

## In this wiki

- [[index|Waq-Waq]] (overview)
- [[waqwaq-tree|Waq-Waq tree]]
- [[islands-of-waqwaq|Islands of Waq-Waq]]
- [[speaking-tree|The speaking tree]]
- [[ajaib-al-makhluqat|Wonders of creation]]
- [[etymology|The name Waq-Waq]]
- [[in-art|The tree in art]]
